2024-05-13
Algebra-I
00

§13 Sylow Theorems

§13.1 Counting

We have already seen that the orbit-stabilizer theorem can answer some nontrivial questions. For example: how large is the symmetry group of a tetrahedron?

Recall that the theorem says that for any group GG acting on a set XX, and any element xXx\in X, there is a bijection

G/GxOx.G/G_x\cong\mathcal{O}_x.

In particular, if GG is finite, then

Ox=G/Gx.|\mathcal{O}_x| = |G|/|G_x|.

Counting theorems of this kind are extremely useful in mathematics. They are like a “layup” in basketball—the easiest way to score. Once you reduce a difficult problem to a counting problem, you have made progress.

2024-05-12
Algebra-I
00

**# §12 Simple Groups and the Hölder Program

§12.1 Simple Groups

Some groups cannot be built out of other groups. For example, what if HH admits no nontrivial normal subgroups? Then there can be no short exact sequence unless HKH\cong K or GHG\cong H. In this sense, groups with no nontrivial normal subgroups are the simplest groups.

Definition 12.1 A group HH is called a simple group if it has no nontrivial normal subgroups.

2024-05-11
Algebra-I
00

§11 Short Exact Sequences and Semidirect Products

§11.1 Extensions—Short Exact Sequences

Definition 11.1 A short exact sequence of groups is a sequence consisting of two homomorphisms

GHKG\to H\to K

satisfying the following conditions:

(1) GHG\to H is injective,

(2) HKH\to K is surjective, and

(3) the kernel of HKH\to K is equal to—not merely isomorphic to—the image of GHG\to H.

2024-05-10
Algebra-I
00

§10 Isomorphism Theorems

§10.1 The First Isomorphism Theorem

§10.1.1 The Quotient Map as a Group Homomorphism

Proposition 10.1 Let HGH\subset G be a normal subgroup. The map

q:GG/HgHg\begin{aligned} q:G&\to G/H\\ g&\mapsto Hg \end{aligned}

(1) is a group homomorphism.

(2) is surjective.

(3) has kernel qq.

2024-05-09
Algebra-I
00

§9 Quotient Groups

§9.1 Quotient Groups

Let HGH\subset G be a subgroup.

Question: When can the orbit set

G/HG/H

be given a group structure?